Meaning: To punish someone to the fullest extent of the law.
Moses literally threw "The Book of the Law" at the Hebrews in punishment for their flagrant sin.
Exodus 32:19
And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount.
Exodus 34:1
And the Lord said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest.